Why Do I Shit Blood And Liquid

Spain: Spain

To find the history of mutuality must go back to the eighteenth century, a period in which the pension scheme for staff has its first manifestations. In 1835 he first adopted the principle of "stratification" and passive pensions begin to be seen in budgets Ministry of Finance and the Treasury. But not until the twenties of last century when they begin to proliferate number of institutions, assistance, under various titles such as pawnshops, mutual funds and other denominations.

Over time, these institutions continue to grow in parallel with the needs of family protection and health of workers. Thus, in 1975 Spain had a total of 65 consortia, comprising, among others, to 300,000 civil servants from different groups. These mutual funds had their own rules, with different ranges and different requirements in regard to benefits to beneficiaries. Thus, while some possessed some others just gave sufficient coverage to answer the most basic needs. The absence of clear regulation about it took place also caused a major unevenness in the contributions of the mutual. Yes emphasized, however, a common feature in all of them: they were set up to alleviate the shortcomings of the Social Security system and staff is that even today is hard to imagine, in those years as common as the simple risk disease was not covered for public employees. The high rate of inflation that Spain had to endure, the effect of the first oil crisis undertook the disappearance of most of them.

existed as a serious health and administrative staff with respect to these workers, which is why in 1975 establishing the Special Regime of Social Security officials that are part of government and administration of justice in the national and military forces, as well as beneficiaries of the above. To implement this protection Mutual created three officials, with legal personality and its own, each attached to the Ministry which is part of the staff, the officials are related to these entities and acquire mutual status, which entitles them to enjoy, among other services, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries as provided in Laws.

The principles that define the Administrative Mutualism are equal in attendance, and mutual participation in the direction of the body, through the General Council, the Standing Committee of the Council and the Provincial Committees, participation is by through their union representatives and decisions are made by the Directorate General, who assumes the responsibility for coordination, management and inspection activities. Other principles characteristic of the Mutual are the quality of care and freedom of choice, as Mutual may choose both the borrowing entity such as doctors and hospitals of their choice. For this reaches agreements with the entities, sets the rules of the system, monitors the quality of care, acts as an intermediary in disputes between institutions and manages mutual and other benefits directly.

The Mutual mentioned are:
General Mutual State Civil Servants, MUFACE , created in 1976, is attached to the Ministry of Public Administration through the State Secretariat for Administration Public Special Scheme managed by the mandatory Social Security for Civil Servants.

• Social Institute of the Armed Forces, ISFAS , established in 1978, is under the Ministry of Defense through the Under Secretary of Defense that manages the Special Scheme compulsory social security of staff working in the Armed Forces .
• General Mutual Judicial MUGEJU , created in 1978, is attached to the Ministry of Justice through the Ministry of Justice manages the mandatory Special Conditions of the Social Security Administration officials of Justice.

In September 2005 the total number of holders and beneficiaries of the Mutual rose to 2,120,088 people. Of this, 1,584,908 are for MUFACE (74.8% of total), 447,273 to ISFAS (21.1%) and the remaining 87,907 to MUGEJU (4.15% of total).

care to provide care to beneficiaries (the health care plan is approved in the General Regime) MUFACE , ISFAS MUGEJU and have agreements with private insurance entities and the National Institute Social Security (INSS) to offer mutual this alternative within the compulsory insurance, this feature set a home market with the following characteristics:

• The relationship between mutual funds and insurance companies based on both signed agreements on the basis of a fixed premium per person established by the mutual fund, regardless of place of residence of membership.
• Any insurance company can apply to join the agreement if it meets the requirements of the resolutions in force, which basically refer to the authorization as an insurance company in the form of health care throughout the national territory and Availability subagreements delegations own or with others in all provinces.
• establishing agreements for one year with possibility of extension in the next two years.
• The price, as well as the membership is compulsory for mutual.
• The mutual may, during the first month of each year, changing supplier freely and without cost, whether the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) or a concerted private companies.
• The demand for these services for the mutual benefit is not guided by the price (irrespective of the entity chosen concerted, the cost to the officer's exactly the same: for 2005 the monthly contribution of officials to MUFACE , ISFAS MUGEJU and correspond to 1.69% of their assets at any time regulator is set to Rights trading purposes liabilities), but mainly by the proximity and perceived quality of services, both optional box as concluded hospitals.

The above characteristics have an important implication for the definition of the services market: unlike what happens in the market for voluntary health care insurance, which public health can be considered a determinant of demand, or a limiting factor of market power, but not an actual competitor, in the market for health care insurance concerted public health itself should be considered a competitor, in fact in September 2005 from 15.81% of the mutualists were assigned to the Public Health (Social Security or military health), giving even the case of the regions such as Navarra (41.91% of the mutualists) and Asturias (37, 44%) where Social Security is the first entity arranged by number of holders and beneficiaries.

In 2005, in addition to the concert with the National Institute Social Security and Social Security Treasury, there are 9 private concerts: Adeslas , Aegon , Asisa , Caser , DKV , Groupama , Igualatorio Surgical Medical College Santander, Madrid The Fair and Mapfre Caja Salud (Note that Sanitas is not present in the market for healthcare insurance arrangement). 79% of the market of public officials focused mainly on the 2 entities, Asisa with 39.1% and Adeslas with 36.9%.